The Virtual Identity Server Federation Services includes an Identity Provider (IP) Security Token Service (STS) that can authenticate users wherever they reside such as: LDAP directories, SQL databases, and multiple Active Directories (without forest trusts). Additionally, The STS can be trusted by and leveraged within an existing ADFS deployment, allowing ADFS to easily authenticate users against data stores other than Active Directory such as Sun, eDirectory or even a database. The Virtual Identity Server Federation Services also provides an ADFS deployment with additional out-of-the-box (OOB) authentication methods such as: traditional user id and password (basic), Windows Integrated Authentication, single-sign-on (SSO) to and from other systems, as well as Department of Defense Common Access Card (CAC) authentication.